Tenodera sinensis Range

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MantidLord

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Hi everyone, I'm looking for information regarding the range of Tenodera sinensis (or angustipennis) in North America. I'm curious because despite nurseries selling T. sinensis ooths in places like California, I'm unaware of them actually becoming established in California. If anyone has any literature discussion the failure of T. sinensis to become established or expand their range beyond the Eastern US (and South?) that would be great! I really need literature, but if you have some educated opinion or personal observations, please let me know. Thanks! :)

 
I have caught wild chinese mantids in CT, NY, NC, and in NJ. You should check bugguide.net. People post pics, and it tells you when and where they were taken.

 
I only have personal observations of them in California. I used to catch sinensis all the time when I was younger in Sunnyvale. They used to be extremely common pretty much all over the place and I'd find oothecas hidden in bushes. I used to follow my dad around when he was picking fruit from the fruit trees in my aunt's yard and every time he reached in through the branches and backed out, there'd be one or two clinging onto his shirt. I no longer see them now despite how common they used to be around the neighborhood. This was back when single oothecas were almost 10 dollars at hardware stores--rather expensive when you compare that to today's lower prices for multiple oothecas. It's as though they used to be established and then gradually died off.

 
Thanks for the replies guys. Ismart, I checked buggide and there is a huge gap where no pics of T. sinensis have been uploaded from. I know this doesn't necessarily mean they're not there, but I've never heard of T. sinensis occurring in anywhere besides California and the east.

Ranitomeya, I've heard something similar from my uncle who doesn't live far from Sunnyvale. Basically T. sinensis everywhere about two decades ago, and now nothing. Do you mind telling me how long ago that was for you?

 
They were very common a little more than a decade ago and then it gradually became more difficult to find them. I stopped seeing oothecas and I believe that after a few years, they became non-existant in most of the neighborhood. I believe any that I did encounter were likely from store-bought oothecas as indicated by a change from a neighborhood-wide range to just a couple gardens.

 
Yeah that's consistent with the story I've been getting from people. On Buggide, out of the 9 pictures of T. sinensis in California, one was actually M. religiosa and the other 8 were released by the photographer into his garden. But it seems like wild populations have disappeared.

 
I used to see 20-30 a year in Missouri. Now I haven't found one in 3 years, and I have been looking. They're my favorite species in Missouri, not that we have many.

 
I haven't seen or heard about them over here in Pompano Beach, Florida. Everyone tells me about these huge mantids, and shows me a 4inch gap with their fingers, but they can only actually produce Stagmomantis carolina of normal size. Despite the fact that the local Sears garden gate sells the oothecae, I have never seen a wild one. I actually released some in my garden when I hatched my first oothecae, but never saw any that were past 3rd or 4th instar, and then never again.

 
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There was only one time when I found an adult chinese mantid in California. It was a female and I left it out on a small peach tree where I found it hoping that it would attract a male. Unfortunately, no male came to mate because when winter hit, I found the female dead and an ooth on one of the branches. The ooth never hatched. I think the only reason why I found that mantid was because someone probably bought an oothecae from some nursery earlier in the spring and released the young.

 
Thanks for the input guys, you don't know how much I appreciate it. So why do you think they're unable to become established in Florida and California? And the other states in between? Likebugs, I actually read some articles about how T. sinensis isn't in Florida, but it never explained why. I'm simply interested in some articles that mention it's failed establishment despite repeated introductions.

 
I wish I knew of any documents that would explain or hypothesize why that genus isn't able to establish in certain places.

Perhaps it is because it doesn't get cool for long enough?

I know that Tenodera sinensis oothecae don't seem to need to break a diapause, but it is strange that Florida and California, both having mild winters, have a lack of the species, despite the fact that people actually place oothecae in their gardens or orchards.

Maybe it has something to to with the surrounding flora and fauna, or the lack of a certain kind of prey?

To my dismay, Florida actually doesn't have many flora and fauna that live in a more temperate climate. It is difficult to grow certain plants that I would like to have outdoors. However, it seems to be a perfect place for many Tropical invasives to establish.

 
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I agree Likebugs. But perhaps, like you said, it's because California does have a mild winter that they can't establish. Maybe the ooths hatch too early and die off with lack of food. But with people not even reporting adult T. sinensis, it appears as if they're not even able to make it to adult in the first place.

I'm not sure how much the habitat has changed in the past decade or so that would inhibit the species from surviving throughout the state. It's certainly not the presence of other mantid species, and being generalist predators they should be able to survive the disappearances of some species. I only know of a couple of articles that mention (in a sentence or two) that M. religiosa hasn't been established in parts of Canada due to the harsh winters. But that's the only thing I've read regarding failed establishment of mantids in a given area.

 
It's unlikely that mild winters in California would result in their early hatching. The night time temperatures during the winter do get quite cold, even if the daytime temperatures are warm. Most oothecas I found in the past were not on the surface of a bush, but hidden inside it where it would not have warmed up as quickly or as much from rising day temperatures. I am more inclined to think that the more likely cause of their decline is the increasing use of pesticides.

Both California and Florida are responsible for the production of a good deal of produce and the mild weather makes it easy for both plants and pest species to survive throughout the year. In order to combat the problem of pests--both plants and animals--most growers would find it much easier to either grow plants that have been genetically modified to have the Bt gene or to use insecticides and herbicides--organic and inorganic. Who knows for sure what regular spraying for weeds and household pests has on the surrounding environment? If you read the labels of many sprays, many either claim they become inert or once dry, do not wash away. Reading these same labels, they warn consumers not to use the chemicals near water sources, as many of the chemicals are known to remain in the water for a long period of time and have an adverse affect on aquatic organisms even after they become "inert". Another source of environmental toxins would be from aerial spraying for pests and vectors. For example, everyone is worried about West Nile Virus here in California nowadays, and many cities have opted for aerial spraying for mosquitoes to control the mosquito population and prevent an outbreak of West Nile. Our attempts to control the pest populations brought on by the proliferation of pest habitats through human habitation and crop cultivation can affect mantid populations directly by poisoning them or indirectly by reducing or eliminating their prey.

Edit: I forgot to mention that the neighborhood where my aunt lives has a nearby orchard, so it is possible that use of chemicals there may have contributed to the loss of mantids in the surrounding environment. I have also noticed that the diversity and population density of other insects and arthropods have shown a general decline, which suggests an environmental cause.

 
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Many of the people in my residential area, and most of the surrounding ones, use all kinds of chemicals and pesticides to keep their lawns looking completely unnatural. A neighbor actually told me that I can call to have a truck come and spray the neighborhood if the mosquitos are bad. I don't know if that is true or not, but plenty of other insects are doing fine. I can get many grasshoppers at the neighbors house across the street, cause she has weeds and no shade. Stagmomantis carolina are found frequently in the surrounding neighborhoods, especially in or near the parks and preserves. Still, there seem to be no Tenodera sinensis.

 
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You have to take into account that certain insects can tolerate different types of insecticides to a degree. In fact, some insects no longer respond to insecticides nearly as well as they used to in the past. We're selecting for individuals with the ability to tolerate toxins by introducing toxins into the environment at varying concentrations. Insects at the periphery where toxins are not at the lethal level will produce newer generations with better defenses against the toxins as vulnerable individuals die off. Maybe sinensis did not have that capability and was wiped out instead?

 
You have to take into account that certain insects can tolerate different types of insecticides to a degree. In fact, some insects no longer respond to insecticides nearly as well as they used to in the past. We're selecting for individuals with the ability to tolerate toxins by introducing toxins into the environment at varying concentrations. Insects at the periphery where toxins are not at the lethal level will produce newer generations with better defenses against the toxins as vulnerable individuals die off. Maybe sinensis did not have that capability and was wiped out instead?
That is certainly a possibility. Tenodera nymphs seem to be especially sensitive to certain conditions in captivity. If they are that sensitive in the wild, it may have something to do with pesticides. I can't help but think that there is something else... There are plenty of places,( like the Carolinas and Tennessee) that have an abundance of Tenodera, that may get the same, if not more pesticide use.

 
It does puzzle me why the Tenodera isn't able to naturalize in California because the Sierra foothills usually have sufficient grasshoppers and other prey items in the fall. It could be the weather conditions as some have said. But while thinking about it, it's good that they can't naturalize here. :)

 
I didn't really consider the use of insecticides simply because I figured an invader like T. sinensis would be more likely to resist it than the natives. I don't know enough about specific pesticides to refute what you said Ranitomeya, but if I could just play devil's advocate for a moment: my grandparents own a huge lot of land and they are against the use of pesticides (which is why my uncle used to release and find mantids in the area). Still, even that land has gone from T. sinensis to absolutely none around the same time as everyone else reported. I guess there may be a possibility of it being in the air, or transported somehow, but has that ever occurred before? Mind you, no new plants or anything have been added to the land in DECADES, so it's not likely we brought anything in.

Ntsees, I agree, it's certainly a good thing. Unfortunately we still have M. religiosa and I. oratoria that have been established in California (although I. oratoria seems more limited in range).

 
There are wild populations in Florida. It was wild caught T. sinensis that originally got me into mantises as a kid.

 

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